Signaling Pathway Illustration Tutorials
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AMPK Signaling Pathway
The AMPK signaling pathway holds significance in the cellular response to diminished ATP levels, typically induced by stressors like heat shock, ischemia, or hypoxia.
Estrogen Signaling Pathway
Estrogen, a steroid hormone, governs the regulation of growth, differentiation, and functioning of the reproductive system. Dysregulation of estrogen signaling is frequently observed in conditions such as breast cancer and osteoporosis.
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway
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G protein-coupled receptors play a role in numerous diseases. These receptors primarily activate two signal transduction pathways: the cAMP signaling pathway and the phosphatidylinositol signaling pathway.
Insulin Signaling Pathway
The insulin pathway's signaling is fundamental in managing intracellular glucose levels. Dysregulation of this pathway is implicated in diabetes.
mTOR Signaling Pathway
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mTOR, a serine/threonine kinase, assembles into multiprotein complexes known as mTORC1 and mTORC2. Signaling through these complexes governs cell growth, proliferation, and survival.
NF-κB Signaling Pathway
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NF-κB signaling holds significance in inflammation, innate and adaptive immune responses, and stress management. Dysregulated signaling is implicated in inflammatory and autoimmune conditions.
p53 Signaling Pathway
p53 signaling plays a crucial role in orchestrating cellular responses to different stressors such as DNA damage and hypoxia. Downstream signals may trigger apoptosis, senescence, or cell cycle arrest.
TGF-β Signaling Pathway
The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, proliferation, migration, differentiation, and apoptosis.
Apoptosis Signaling Pathway
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Apoptosis represents a natural cellular process responsible for programmed cell death, crucial in aging and development. It can also be described as cell "self-destruction".
Toll-like Receptor Signaling Pathway
TLR signaling orchestrates cellular responses to threatening agents like bacteria and viruses, inducing inflammatory and immunological reactions.
MAPK Signaling Pathway
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The mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway initiates an internal signaling cascade triggered by external stimuli like heat and stress. It can impact cellular division, metabolic processes, and survival.
JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway
The JAK-STAT signaling pathway serves multiple functions, including regulating cell proliferation and hematopoiesis. It acts as the primary transducer of signals from cytokine receptors.
Wnt Signaling Pathway
The Wnt pathway contributes to cellular differentiation and proliferation in adult tissues as well as during embryonic development. Abnormalities in this pathway may facilitate tumor formation and metastasis.